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A Vegan Diet Supports Good Health and Reduces Chronic Disease Risk

There is agreement among the credentialed dietetic and medical communities that we do not need animal products to be healthy, and that vegan diets can be health-promoting and protective against chronic diseases.

Briefing Meta

Counts:

Main Text
Key Points	5
Counterclaims	2
Supplementary	2
Further Study	4
Footnotes	43
Media & Advocacy
Advocacy Notes	10
—Socratic Questions	9
Flashcards	53
Presentation Slides	0
Memes & Infographics	0
Companion Videos	0

Activity Log:

7/7/2026 • Greg Fuller • Added statement that the updated Academy position is limited to adults because the underlying evidence review was scoped to adults. Fact checked by Consensus Review (see footnote for report). Added corresponding flashcard.

2/12/2026 • Greg Fuller • New standardized featured and social images with descriptive alt text.

2/11/2026 • Greg Fuller • Changed title to "A Vegan Diet Supports Good Health and Reduces Chronic Disease Risk" and slug from /vegan-diets to /diet. Created redirect from /vegan-diets and /diets to /diet. Changed flashcards accordingly.

11/4/2025 • Tyler H • Fact checked edits since previous fact-check: Replaced “nutrition experts” with “dietetics practitioners.” Under Willet, changed "Authored over 1,500 scientific articles on diet and disease" to "Published over 2,000 scientific articles on diet and disease;" replaced "25 years served" with "26 years served."

7/31/2025 • Greg Fuller • Replaced citation with new position paper citation for "The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (United States)..." Added to fact check queue.

5/21/2025 • Greg Fuller • Changed “explicitly suggests ways…” to “suggests ways…”

4/1/2025 • Greg Fuller • Changed Dr. Willet's quote to a paraphrase for better readability. Added his credentials. Queued for fact checking.

3/31/2025 • Greg Fuller • Slightly tweaked the summary.

3/25/2025 • Greg Fuller • Minor proofreading edits from yesterdays' rework.

3/24/2025 • Greg Fuller • Rearranged: moved some the supplementary info up to key points. No new citations. Adjusted flash cards to match.

3/16/2025 • Greg Fuller • Removed the 2016 Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics quote and replaced it with 2025 information. Added a related Advocacy Note. Removed the briefing status message added on 3/13. Updated flash cards on Brainscape. Queued for fact checking.

3/13/2025 • Greg Fuller • Added a briefing status message: This briefing will be updated to reflect the 2025 position statement of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics on vegan diets for adults.

2/22/2025 • Greg Fuller • Flashcards reworked.

2/21/2025 • Greg Fuller • Added Note on the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics with new citation. Added 2 counterclaims with citation. Added flashcards. Queued for fact check.

2/6/2025 • Greg Fuller • Socratic questions reworked.

1/12/2025 • Trinity S. • Flashcard creation.

12/19/2024 • Tyler H. • Fact checked and proofread.

1/1/2024 • Greg Fuller • Migrated and rewritten

A painted image of a person holding and about to bite an apple.

“Vegans Kill More Because of Crop Deaths”

This briefing explains why using crop deaths as an argument against veganism doesn’t hold up.

Briefing Meta

Counts:

Main Text
Key Points	5
Counterclaims	1
Supplementary	2
Further Study	5
Footnotes	25
Media & Advocacy
Advocacy Notes	9
—Socratic Questions	8
Flashcards	61
Presentation Slides	0
Memes & Infographics	0
Companion Videos	0

Activity Log:

7/7/2026 • Greg Fuller • Reworded Key Point 1 to be clearer. Changed flashcards accordingly.

2/12/2026 • Greg Fuller • New standardized featured and social images with descriptive alt text.

11/13/2025 • Greg Fuller • Minor edit for clarity: changed "But the “crop deaths” objection is part of a broader pattern of arguments meant to dismiss veganism by exaggerating imperfections in alternatives." to "The “crop deaths” objection is part of a broader pattern of attempts to dismiss veganism by magnifying supposed flaws in plant-based agriculture while ignoring the far greater harms in animal-based systems." 


10/23/225 • Greg Fuller • Error correction: Changed the "Creating a Sustainable Future" citations from "The 24 to 1 figure was calculated from the table on page 37, figure 2..." to "...figure 12...".

9/14/2025 • Greg Fuller • Changed the first Socratic question for more impact to "Even if incidental deaths occur during plant harvesting, what does that have to do with our intentional breeding, abuse, and violent slaughter of billions of animals each year—animals who, incidentally, eat even more harvested crops?" Also changed the corresponding flash card.

9/11/2025 • Greg Fuller • Grammatical corrections to a few flash cards.

9/10/2025 • Greg Fuller • Published 61 flashcards for this briefing on Brainscape.

9/9/2025 • Greg Fuller • Changed "Livestock farming use 83%..." to Animal agriculture uses 83%..." to be consistent with other briefings. This wording was fact-checked in other briefings.

9/2/2025 • Greg Fuller • Added "To whatever extent grazing reduces the amount of feed used, that doesn't change the reality that over 75% of the world’s grains and soy used for food are fed to animals, as mentioned above." to the counterclaim. Did not add to the fact-check queue because it used a citation already fact-checked in the same briefing.

8/23/2025 • Tyler H • Fact checking and proofreading completed. Required edits completed.

8/20/2025 • Greg Fuller • Briefing submitted for Fact Check and Proofreading.

8/20/2025 • Greg Fuller • Briefing published.

A painted scene of a combine harvesting a field while small animals run away.

“Plants Are Sentient and Have Feelings Too”

This briefing provides several reasons why objections to veganism based on plant sentience or plant pain are unfounded.

Briefing Meta

Counts:

Main Text
Key Points	6
Counterclaims	2
Supplementary	2
Further Study	4
Footnotes	17
Media & Advocacy
Advocacy Notes	7
—Socratic Questions	15
Flashcards	33
Presentation Slides	0
Memes & Infographics	0
Companion Videos	0

Activity Log:

7/30/2026 • Greg Fuller • Added for clarification: "This means that eating animals requires more plants than eating plants directly."

2/12/2026 • Greg Fuller • New standardized featured and social images with descriptive alt text.

9/10/2025 • Greg Fuller • Corrected flashcard count from 27 to 33.

5/3/2025 • Greg Fuller • Changed "Visceral reactions differ with plants and animals." to "Visceral reactions differ between plants and animals." Changed flashcards accordingly.

5/3/2025 • Greg Fuller • Added a bullet to key point number one for emphasis: "When you eat animal products, you’re not just consuming the animal’s body or secretions—you’re also indirectly consuming all the plants they were fed to produce that meat, dairy, or eggs." Add a corresponding flashcard.

2/23/2025 • Greg Fuller • Flashcards reworked.

2/8/2025 • Greg Fuller • Socratic questions reworked.

12/30/2024 • Greg Fuller • Flashcards created.

11/27/2024 • Tyler H. • Fact checked and proofread.

1/1/2024 • Greg Fuller • Migrated and rewritten.

A painted plant growing beside a brain-shaped root system.

Plant Protein: Abundant, Complete, and Healthier

This briefing shows that plant protein is sufficient, complete, and avoids the risks associated with animal protein.

Briefing Meta

Counts:

Main Text
Key Points	8
Counterclaims	1
Supplementary	3
Further Study	5
Footnotes	29
Media & Advocacy
Advocacy Notes	13
—Socratic Questions	22
Flashcards	54
Presentation Slides	0
Memes & Infographics	0
Companion Videos	0

Activity Log:

7/30/2026 • Greg Fuller • Added for clarification: "This means that eating animals requires more plants than eating plants directly."

2/12/2026 • Greg Fuller • New standardized featured and social images with descriptive alt text.

9/11/2025 • Greg Fuller • Grammatical corrections to a few flash cards.

3/7/2025 • Greg Fuller • Minor grammatical corrections to the advocacy tips.

1/18/2025 • Greg Fuller • Flashcards reworked.

2/4/2025 • Greg Fuller • Socratic questions reworked.

2/10/2025 • Clair G • Flashcards created.

11/21/2024 • Tyler H • Fact checked and proofread.

1/1/2024 • Greg Fuller • Migrated and rewritten.

A painted bowl filled with beans, nuts, and tofu surrounded by plant foods.

Nature-Based Objections to Veganism

We examine several nature-based objections to veganism, including "circle of life," "apex predation," "animals eat animals," etc.

Briefing Meta

Counts:

Main Text
Key Points	8
Counterclaims	0
Supplementary	1
Further Study	3
Footnotes	10
Media & Advocacy
Advocacy Notes	12
—Socratic Questions	20
Flashcards	0
Presentation Slides	0
Memes & Infographics	0
Companion Videos	0

Activity Log:

2/12/2026 • Greg Fuller • New standardized featured and social images with descriptive alt text.

1/26/2026 • Greg • Changed title to "Nature-Based Objections to Veganism." Changed slug from "/naturalistic" to /nature." Added redirect form old URL to new URL.

3/4/2025 • Greg Fuller • Socratic questions reworked.

2/6/2025 • Tyler H • Fact checked and proofread.

1/1/2024 • Greg Fuller • Migrated and rewritten.

A painted circular scene of animals, plants, and birds surrounding a natural ecosystem.

“Humans Are Omnivores with Canine Teeth and Front-Facing Eyes”

This briefing shows why veganism’s validity isn’t tied to humans being omnivorous, having canine teeth, or front-facing eyes.

Briefing Meta

Counts:

Main Text
Key Points	7
Counterclaims	0
Supplementary	1
Further Study	3
Footnotes	23
Media & Advocacy
Advocacy Notes	12
—Socratic Questions	19
Flashcards	32
Presentation Slides	0
Memes & Infographics	0
Companion Videos	0

Activity Log:

8/25/2026 • Greg Fuller • Deleted a stray link to justiceforanimals.org

2/12/2026 • Greg Fuller • New standardized featured and social images with descriptive alt text.

11/4/2025 • Tyler H • Fact checked edits since previous fact-check. Replaced "nutrition experts" with "dietetics practitioners."

7/31/2025 • Greg Fuller • Replaced the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics formal position statement wording to reflect new 2025 position statement. Changed flashcard deck accordingly.. Added to Fact Check queue.

7/31/2025 •Greg Fuller • Added information about the AND: "Note: The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics is the largest global organization of food and nutrition experts, comprising more than 100,000 certified professionals."  Added to Fact Check queue.

2/2/2025 • Greg Fuller • Minor Edit: Made Further Study>Other Resources >Human Ancestors... a direct link. 

2/2/2025 • Greg Fuller • Flashcards created.

2/1/2025 • Greg Fuller • Removed Mills talking point. Added Mills explanation under Advocacy Notes.

1/12/2025 • Greg Fuller • Socratic questions reworked.
1/5/2025 • Marie S • Fact checked and proofread.

1/1/2024 • Greg Fuller • Migrated and rewritten.

A painted close-up of an open human mouth showing teeth.

“It’s My Personal Choice, So Respect It”

In answering this objection to veganism, we show how personal choice cannot be used to justify actions that are unethical.

Briefing Meta

Counts:

Main Text
Key Points	5
Counterclaims	1
Supplementary	1
Further Study	3
Footnotes	3
Media & Advocacy
Advocacy Notes	9
—Socratic Questions	15
Flashcards	19
Presentation Slides	0
Memes & Infographics	0
Companion Videos	0

Activity Log:

2/12/2026 • Greg Fuller • New standardized featured and social images with descriptive alt text.

2/11/2026 • Greg Fuller • Added "So Respect It" to the title. Changed flashcards accordingly.

2/27/2025 • Greg Fuller • Flashcards created.

2/5/2025 • Greg Fuller • Socratic questions reworked.

1/13/2025 • Marie S • Fact checked and proofread.

1/1/2024 • Greg Fuller • Migrated and rewritten.

A painted portrait of a person raising a hand on the right.

Using Almonds’ Environmental Impact as a Distraction from Veganism

This briefing examines why using the environmental impact of almond production to distract from veganism is both logically flawed and environmentally unsound.

Briefing Meta

Counts:

Main Text
Key Points	3
Counterclaims	0
Supplementary	5
Further Study	2
Footnotes	8
Media & Advocacy
Advocacy Notes	9
—Socratic Questions	17
Flashcards	25
Presentation Slides	0
Memes & Infographics	0
Companion Videos	0

Activity Log:

3/3/2026 • Greg Fuller • Restored lost visual from Our World in Data. 

2/12/2026 • Greg Fuller • New standardized featured and social images with descriptive alt text.

2/11/2026 • Greg Fuller • Changed the word "Detraction" in title to "Distraction." Changed flashcards and advocacy notes accordingly.

2/24/2025 • Greg Fuller • Flashcards reworked.

2/23/2025 • Greg Fuller • Socratic questions reworked.

1/19/2025 • Lauren X • Flashcards created.

1/10/2025 • Marie S. • Fact checked and proofread.

1/1/2024 • Greg Fuller • Published.

A painterly illustration of a balance scale weighing a bowl of almonds against a glass of water

“Veganism Would Devastate the Economy and Cause Job Loss”

This briefing shows that a transition to plant-based food systems can be managed effectively and may yield significant economic and societal benefits.

Briefing Meta

Counts:

Main Text
Key Points	6
Counterclaims	0
Supplementary	1
Further Study	1
Footnotes	24
Media & Advocacy
Advocacy Notes	9
—Socratic Questions	9
Flashcards	0
Presentation Slides	0
Memes & Infographics	0
Companion Videos	0

Activity Log:

2/12/2026 • Greg Fuller • New standardized featured and social images with descriptive alt text.

2/11/2026 • Greg Fuller • Changed the title to "Veganism Would Devastate the Economy and Cause Job Loss."

6/8/2025 • Tyler H • Fact checking and proofreading completed. Required edits completed.

6/6/2025 • Greg Fuller • Briefing submitted for Fact Check and Proofreading.

6/6/2025 • Greg Fuller • Briefing published.

A painted scene of plant foods around a tablet displaying an upward-trending chart.

“Eating Vegan Is Too Expensive”

We examine the claim that eating vegan is too expensive and out of reach for many people.

Briefing Meta

Counts:

Main Text
Key Points	5
Counterclaims	0
Supplementary	5
Further Study	1
Footnotes	7
Media & Advocacy
Advocacy Notes	11
—Socratic Questions	20
Flashcards	0
Presentation Slides	0
Memes & Infographics	0
Companion Videos	0

Activity Log:

2/12/2026 • Greg Fuller • New standardized featured and social images with descriptive alt text.

11/4/2025 • Tyler H • Fact checked edits since previous fact-check. Replaced "A major 2021 modeling study from the University of Oxford found that vegan diets were the most affordable, reducing food costs by 21–34 percent compared to current average diets, while also being healthier and more sustainable." with "A major 2021 modeling study from the University of Oxford found that high-grain vegan diets were the most affordable for more developed countries, reducing food costs by 22–34 percent compared to current average diets, while also being healthier and more sustainable."

10/28/2021 • Greg Fuller • Added the Oxford/Lancet study. Queued for fact checking.

6/16/2025 • Greg Fuller • Deleted duplicate sentence, “Mayo Clinic considers lower costs to be one benefit of meatless meals.”

3/4/2025 • Greg Fuller • Socratic questions reworked.

2/9/2024 • Tyler H • Fact checked and proofread.

1/1/2024 • Greg Fuller • Migrated and rewritten.

A graphic with small line-art animal icons across the top and the text “Eating Vegan Is Too Expensive” with the URL vBriefings.org/expensive on a blue background, and on the right a painted scene of a person at a table with a calculator and cash, looking worried.

“The Christian God Condones Eating Animals”

We address the objection to veganism that the Christian God condones the harmful exploitation of animals and even put them here for our use.

Briefing Meta

Counts:

Main Text
Key Points	7
Counterclaims	0
Supplementary	2
Further Study	6
Footnotes	10
Media & Advocacy
Advocacy Notes	8
—Socratic Questions	10
Flashcards	0
Presentation Slides	0
Memes & Infographics	0
Companion Videos	0

Activity Log:

2/12/2026 • Greg Fuller • New standardized featured and social images with descriptive alt text.

2/11/2026 • Greg Fuller • Changed title to ""The Christian God Condones Eating Animals." Changed slug from /god-condones to /christian. Created redirect from old URL to new URL.

11/4/2025 • Tyler H • Fact checked edits since previous fact-check. No changes were required.

8/16/2025 • Greg Fuller • Under the dominion talking point, added "and doesn't connote permission to eat." Added a bullet point: "The King James Version of the Bible repeatedly uses “dominion”  for kings and rulers in relation to their subjects (see Psalms 72:8, 1 Kings 4:24, and Daniel 7:14), but that would not mean the Bible condones rulers eating their subjects. " Queued for fact checking.

3/4/2025 • Greg Fuller • Socratic questions reworked.

1/1/2025 • Marie S • Fact checked and proofread.

1/1/2024 • Greg Fuller • Migrated and rewritten.

A painted image on the right of a hand pointing upward while holding an open bible.

“Humans Have Souls; Animals Don’t”

Several points to consider when evaluating the objection to veganism and animal rights based on the presence or absence of a soul.

Briefing Meta

Counts:

Main Text
Key Points	3
Counterclaims	1
Supplementary	2
Further Study	4
Footnotes	8
Media & Advocacy
Advocacy Notes	7
—Socratic Questions	10
Flashcards	27
Presentation Slides	0
Memes & Infographics	0
Companion Videos	0

Activity Log:

2/12/2026 • Greg Fuller • New standardized featured and social images with descriptive alt text.

2/11/2026 • Greg Fuller • Added redirect from /soul to /souls.

2/16/2025 • Greg Fuller • Flashcards reworked.

2/3/2025 • Greg Fuller • Socratic questions reworked.

2/7/2025 • Trinity S • Flashcards created.

1/18/2025 • Marie S • Fact checked and proofread.

1/1/2024 • Greg Fuller • Migrated and rewritten.

A painted golden human figure standing within a circular halo-like form.

“A Vegan Diet Is Not for Everyone; It Made Me Sick”

We provide possible reasons for why you may not be feeling well on your vegan diet.

Briefing Meta

Counts:

Main Text
Key Points	11
Counterclaims	0
Supplementary	0
Further Study	2
Footnotes	9
Media & Advocacy
Advocacy Notes	12
—Socratic Questions	18
Flashcards	0
Presentation Slides	0
Memes & Infographics	0
Companion Videos	0

Activity Log:

2/12/2026 • Greg Fuller • New standardized featured and social images with descriptive alt text.

3/4/2025 • Greg Fuller • Socratic questions reworked.

2/12/2025 •Tyler H • Fact checked and proofread.

1/1/2024 • Greg Fuller • Migrated and rewritten.

A painted person holding their head in discomfort.

“It’s Our Tradition, Culture, and Way of Living”

Several points to consider regarding the “tradition and culture” objection to veganism and animal rights.

Briefing Meta

Counts:

Main Text
Key Points	4
Counterclaims	0
Supplementary	2
Further Study	6
Footnotes	3
Media & Advocacy
Advocacy Notes	12
—Socratic Questions	20
Flashcards	0
Presentation Slides	0
Memes & Infographics	0
Companion Videos	0

Activity Log:

2/12/2026 • Greg Fuller • New standardized featured and social images with descriptive alt text.

2/11/2026 • Greg Fuller • Created redirect from /culture to /tradition.

2/4/2025 • Greg Fuller • Socratic questions reworked.

2/12/2025 • Marie S • Fact checked and proofread.

1/1/2024 • Greg Fuller • Migrated and rewritten.

Vitamin B12 Information for Vegans

We address several aspects of Vitamin B12 for those on a vegan diet, including cost, supplementation, and the claim that B12 proves a vegan diet is not natural.

Briefing Meta

Counts:

Main Text
Key Points	6
Counterclaims	1
Supplementary	4
Further Study	2
Footnotes	26
Media & Advocacy
Advocacy Notes	7
—Socratic Questions	7
Flashcards	0
Presentation Slides	0
Memes & Infographics	0
Companion Videos	0

Activity Log:

2/12/2026 • Greg Fuller • New standardized featured and social images with descriptive alt text.

2/11/2026 • Greg Fuller • Changed slug from /vitamin-b12 to /b12. Added redirect from old URL to new URL.

11/4/2025 • Tyler H • Fact checked edits since previous fact-check. No changes were required.

6/3/2025 • Greg Fuller • Added key point "B12 Deficiency is not just a vegan problem." Added corresponding socratic question. Queued for fact check.

3/04/2025 • Greg Fuller • Socratic questions reworked.

1/18/2025 • Tyler H • Fact checked and proofread.

1/1/2024 • Greg Fuller • Migrated and rewritten.

A painterly illustration of a person examining a vitamin supplement bottle.

“One Person is Powerless to Make a Difference”

This briefing explains, with six key points, why one person can make a difference.

Briefing Meta

Counts:

Main Text
Key Points	7
Counterclaims	2
Supplementary	1
Further Study	1
Footnotes	5
Media & Advocacy
Advocacy Notes	9
—Socratic Questions	12
Flashcards	25
Presentation Slides	0
Memes & Infographics	0
Companion Videos	0

Activity Log:

2/12/2026 • Greg Fuller • New standardized featured and social images with descriptive alt text.

3/1/2025 • Greg Fuller • Flashcards created.

2/1/2025 • Greg Fuller • Socratic questions reworked.

1/26/2025 • Tyler H • Fact checked and proofread.

1/1/2024 • Greg Fuller • Migrated and rewritten.

A painted figure sitting curled up on a mound as a large wave rises behind them.

“We Give Animals Life, Meaning, and Protection; They Should Be Grateful”

This briefing addresses common rationalizations for exploiting animals involving life, meaning, protection, and gratitude.

Briefing Meta

Counts:

Main Text
Key Points	5
Counterclaims	0
Supplementary	2
Further Study	4
Footnotes	3
Media & Advocacy
Advocacy Notes	9
—Socratic Questions	15
Flashcards	20
Presentation Slides	0
Memes & Infographics	0
Companion Videos	0

Activity Log:

7/7/2026 • Greg Fuller • Added counterclaim: "What about the animals that wouldn’t exist if we didn’t breed them for food?" Added corresponding flashcard.

2/12/2026 • Greg Fuller • New standardized featured and social images with descriptive alt text.

2/28/2025 • Greg Fuller • Flashcards created.

2/3/2025 • Greg Fuller • Socratic questions reworked.

1/16/2025 • Tyler H • Fact checked and proofread.

1/1/2024 • Greg Fuller • Written and published.

Core Briefings6

Objections17

Animals and Exploitation9

Philosophy and Society1

Environment2

Human Health6

Advocacy5

A Vegan Diet Supports Good Health and Reduces Chronic Disease Risk

“Vegans Kill More Because of Crop Deaths”

“Plants Are Sentient and Have Feelings Too”

Plant Protein: Abundant, Complete, and Healthier

Nature-Based Objections to Veganism

“Humans Are Omnivores with Canine Teeth and Front-Facing Eyes”

“It’s My Personal Choice, So Respect It”

Using Almonds’ Environmental Impact as a Distraction from Veganism

“Veganism Would Devastate the Economy and Cause Job Loss”

“Eating Vegan Is Too Expensive”

“The Christian God Condones Eating Animals”

“Humans Have Souls; Animals Don’t”

“A Vegan Diet Is Not for Everyone; It Made Me Sick”

“It’s Our Tradition, Culture, and Way of Living”

Vitamin B12 Information for Vegans

“One Person is Powerless to Make a Difference”

“We Give Animals Life, Meaning, and Protection; They Should Be Grateful”